Link to our latest notes and resources: https://drive.google.com/drive/u/2/folders/15FnZdp3NJ15WmXnkrSWgi5ltd5rUI9Bg 16 Thermodynamics An understanding of energy from Cambridge IGCSE/O Level Physics or equivalent is assumed. 16.1 Internal energy Candidates should be able to: 1 understand that internal energy is determined by the state of the system and that it can be expressed as the sum of a random distribution of kinetic and potential energies associated with the molecules of a system 2 relate a rise in temperature of an object to an increase in its internal energy 16.2 The first law of thermodynamics Candidates should be able to: 1 recall and use W = p∆V for the work done when the volume of a gas changes at constant pressure and understand the difference between the work done by the gas and the work done on the gas 2 recall and use the first law of thermodynamics ∆U = q + W expressed in terms of the increase in internal energy, the heating of the system (energy transferred to the

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